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Morphemic analysis of nouns. What is morphological parsing of a word: an example in all parts of speech

Certain difficulties are caused by the number 3, located above one of the words in the analyzed texts. We are talking about the morphological analysis of word forms. Some schoolchildren do not even know the meaning of this concept. Consider, how to make morphological parsing of a word right. We explain the theory with available examples. The analysis of a word should be perceived as a stage of direct work on a number of linguistic concepts.

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general information

What is morphologicalword analysis? This is a definition of its permanent and non-permanent features in order to trace how it is modified in a particular sentence, in what form it is used. The science of morphology refers to a section of grammar where individual word forms or a certain set of word forms of a language are studied.

Parsing a word involves the ability analyze the form of a word, consider each word form as a part of speech, indicate its permanent and non-permanent features, function inside. Parsing the word as part of Russian speech begins with determining its meaning. If it denotes an object, then it is a noun, an action - , a sign of activity - , the quality of an object - .

There is a standard plan for morphological analysis. In order to parse the word without errors, strictly follow all the points:

To determine what part of speech a given word is, for this you need to specify special question.
Put the word in indefinite form(N.f.) in the nominative singular.
Reveal permanent and then analyze fickle signs(change of word).
Determine which member is in the sentence.

Practice

Let's give specific examples. Consider the word as a part of speech.

Noun

Let's start by parsing the noun:

Option number 1. Ex. - a chair.

What? Chair, denotes an object; noun
N. f. - I. p., units. h. - chair.
Common noun, inanimate, m.p., 2 cl.
R. p., units h.
There were two chairs, (the offer is an addition).

Option number 2. Ex. - girls

Who? girl, denotes an object, noun.
N. f. - I. p. units. h - a girl.
Common noun, animate, female, 1 cl.
R. p., pl. h.
A whole class of girls (in the sentence is an addition).

Verb

Analysis of the verb as a part of speech of an independent language unit

It is also carried out in the above order:

Word #1 - Run

What to do? Run, denotes an action, a verb.
N.f. - run.
Imperfect, irrevocable, 2 conjugations, transitional.
Indicative mood, singular h, N.v., m.s.
The boy needs to run home. (In the sentence it plays the role of a predicate).

Word #2 - Have some fun

What to do? have fun, action, vb.
N. f. - have fun.
Perfect form, reflexive, 1 conjugation, transitional.
Subjunctive, pl. h.
The kids would have fun! (In the sentence it acts as a predicate).

Important! R noun analysis is the basis for working with other parts of speech. The definition of points 3 and 4 in the scheme is carried out according to the initial form of the word chosen for parsing. It should be noted that invariable parts of speech do not have non-permanent signs.

When working with a verb, you should know how determine its features:

N.f is determined by the questions “what to do?” or “what to do?”;
perfect / imperfect view: if there is a letter “C” in the question, then the view will be perfect, when there is no letter, it is not. view;
recursiveness: if there is a postfix SA,
conjugation: 1st - all words ending in ET, OT, UT, YUT, AT, YAT, plus two - in IT. The 2nd conjugation includes - all verbs in IT, plus four AT, seven in ET;
transitivity, that is, the possibility of forming additions with this verb.

Adjective

Now let's talk about features of the analysis of the morphological structure of words denoting features of objects. Adjective parsing, as a separate subspecies of linguistic analysis, is carried out according to a similar methodology.

Curly

Which? curly, quality, adjective.
N. f. - curly.
Qualities.
Positive degree, full, unit h., w. r., D. p.
I bow to the curly birch. (In the sentence it acts as a definition).

sullen

What? gloomy, sign, adjective.
Qualities.
Positive degree, short, unit hours, m.r., I. p.
The boy was gloomy. (It is a compound predicate in a sentence).

This requires the ability to determine What class does the adjective belong to?. For example, to quality you can substitute the word more, and to relative- it is impossible, the possessive indicates a certain object of belonging, the short form answers the questions: what / s? The degrees of comparison are divided into positive, comparative - with the word more, excellent - adjectives with the suffixes VSHI, the prefix NAI.

Participle

Morphological analysis of the sacrament:

writing

which? doing what? writing, sign by action, participle;
N. f. - writing;
action., not. view, unreturned, current in.;
units hours, m. r, I. p.;
A son was sitting in the hut, writing a letter from the front (in the sentence it performs the function of a definition as part of the participial turnover).

Important! It must be remembered that part of the properties of the participle is from the verb, and part is from the adjective. It will be a passive value if the impact of a third-party or external object (a blouse washed by mother) is expected.

Adverb

Morphological analysis of the adverb also carried out according to the plan: determination of the general grammatical meaning, main characteristics, functions in a particular sentence:

Fast

How? Fast, denotes a sign of action, is an adverb. Definitive, significant. An inconstant sign is immutable. The detachment moved quickly. (acts as a circumstance in a sentence).

gerund

Morphological analysis of the participle:

humming

What do you do? humming, additional action, adverb;
morphologist. prize.- carry. view, transition., non-return.;
Singing, he bathed in the shower (in the role of a single gerund).

Important! Remember that the participle takes signs from the verb and adverb (invariability), does not have N. f., which is indicated when the morphological analysis of the noun is carried out.

The main difficulty lies in the distinction between attributive adverbs, denoting the mode of action, measure and degree, and adverbs of time, place, sign, absence of N.f. and non-permanent signs.

Morphological analysis of the noun

Morphological analysis of the verb

Conclusion

In order to avoid shortcomings in this kind of work, it is necessary to strictly follow the scheme. Parsing a word, as part of a task of a linguistic nature, requires a certain perseverance. It is necessary to carefully approach the issue of determining the partial belonging of lexemes, as well as their characteristic features.

The noun is an independent part of speech, denotes an object, answers the questions who? what?
An example of part-of-speech words is a noun: school, summer, Russia, Volga, Moscow Ring Road, VAZ, TechStroyProm, law faculty.

Morphological features

The noun is an independent declinable (changeable) part of speech, has permanent and non-permanent morphological features.

The part of speech has a noun:

Four genders: masculine (student, table), feminine (student, desk), middle (sun, education) and common for words whose gender can be both masculine and feminine (doctor, good fellow). Sometimes the common gender is called indefinite. Note that not all school programs use the definition of a common gender and operate with only three genders (male, female, neuter). Nouns do not change by gender. The gender of plural nouns is not defined;
Number two: singular (student, book), plural (students, books). There are words that are used only in the plural (vacation, twilight, etc.), only in the singular (youth, asphalt, etc.);
There are six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional;
There are three declensions: 1st (feminine and masculine, words end in -a, -ya), 2nd (masculine and neuter, words end in -o, -e or have a zero ending), 3rd (feminine genus, words in -b).

Nouns denoting a material object are:

animate - answer the question who? (parent, clown, eagle);
inanimate - answer the question what? (table, sky, city);
common nouns - indicate the name of the object and are written with a small letter (student, book);
own - call the name of the object and are written with a capital letter (Mikhail, St. Petersburg, Baikal).

Constant morphological features: gender, declension, animation and inanimateness, proper or common noun. Inconstant: number and case. Thus, nouns change in numbers, decline in cases. The initial form of nouns is the nominative singular. Sometimes the initial form is called the canonical form.

Noun examples

Let us give examples of nouns with different morphological features.

Masculine: snow, rooster, St. Petersburg, Egypt.
Feminine: spring, dream, cat, mother, country, Motherland, Moscow.
Middle gender: metro, armchair, Solntsevo.
Common genus: kangaroo, Cheburashka.

By cases

By numbers

Singular: table, sheet, seam, doctor.
Plural: tables, leaves, stitches, doctors.

Only in the singular: plastic, air, kids.
Only in the plural: day, manger, people.

Declension

1st declension: spring, alley, pen
2nd declension: summer, park, pencil case
3rd declension: autumn, steppe, notebook

Syntactic role

In a sentence, a noun can play a different syntactic role: subject, object, inconsistent definition, circumstance, application, nominal part of the compound predicate.

The book makes a person the master of the universe (P. Pavlenko) - the noun "book" is the subject.
The whole life of mankind settled in the book (A. Herzen) - the noun with the preposition "in the book" acts as an addition.
The book is a repository of knowledge (B. Polevoy) - the noun "storage" acts as a nominal part of the compound predicate.
Dampness from the earth began to chill the side (A. Gaidar) - a noun with the preposition "from the earth" acts as an inconsistent definition.
Over the gray plain of the sea, the wind collects clouds (M. Gorky) - a noun with the preposition "above the plain" acts as a circumstance of the place.
On a hillock there is a birch-candle in silver moon feathers (S. Yesenin) - the noun "candle" acts as an application.

On the mail train from St. Petersburg to Moscow, a young lieutenant Klimov (Chekhov) rode in the smoking section.

morphological analysis of the word find

Noun; denotes an object; answers the question what?
N. f. - train.
straw morphological analysis A) Permanent signs: common noun, inanimate, masculine, 2nd declension.
morphemic analysis of the word sparrow

Noun; denotes an object; answers the question of what?
N. f. - Petersburg.
gerunds and participles morphological analysis A) Permanent signs: proper, inanimate, masculine, 2nd declension, does not change in numbers - it has only the singular form.
parsing the word decorate B) Non-permanent signs: used in the form of the genitive case.
In the sentence, it plays the role of an adverb of place.

Noun; denotes an object; answers the question what?
N. f. - Moscow.
morphological analysis of all parts of speech table A) Permanent signs: proper, inanimate, feminine, 1st declension, does not change in numbers - it has only the singular form.
part of speech topics B) Fickle signs: used in the accusative case.
In the sentence, it plays the role of an adverb of place.

Noun; stands for subject; answers the question what?
N. f. - department.
morphological analysis of the word spring BUT) Permanent signs: common noun, inanimate, neuter gender, noun in -i: 2nd declension, but in the prepositional case the ending is -i, as in nouns of the 3rd declension.
morphological analysis in the Kazakh language B) Non-permanent features: used in the singular, prepositional case.
In the sentence, it plays the role of an adverb of place.

Noun; denotes an object; answers the question for whom?
N. f. - smoker.
morphological analysis of the word mournful A) Permanent signs: common noun, animated, given noun - substantiated participle, therefore it changes by gender (smoker, smoker) and declines as a full participle.
morphological analysis of the word friend B) Non-permanent signs: used in the form of the plural, genitive; there is no gender, as in full participles in the plural.
plays a role in the proposal inconsistent definitions.

Noun; denotes an object; answers the question who?
N. f. - Lieutenant.
morphemic analysis of the word woolen A) Permanent signs: common noun, animate, masculine, 2nd declension.
B) Non-permanent signs: used in the form the only number, nominative case.
In the proposal, it acts as an application.

Noun; stands for subject; answers the question who?
N. f. - Klimov.
A) Permanent signs: proper, animate, masculine, 2nd declension.
B) Non-permanent signs: used in the singular, nominative case.
AT offer plays the role of the subject.

Parsing a word as a part of speech is otherwise called morphological. They get to know him already at school, studying certain parts of speech. First of all, this type of analysis is designed by teachers to develop logical thinking in students, to instill language skills. Morphological analysis helps to learn the basic information about all parts of speech, learn to distinguish them from each other, not to confuse the concepts of "part of speech" and "member of a sentence". A similar phenomenon sometimes occurs even in high school and at linguistic faculties, however, of course, those who are able to parse a word as a part of speech will never confuse a noun with a subject.

Parsing a word as a part of speech at school performs a serious function: in this way the material is fixed as much as possible, in the process of parsing, when students take turns analyzing different words, all the topics of the section are repeated. For example, when analyzing a verb as a part of speech after studying the topic “verb”, schoolchildren repeat all its main categories: reflexivity, transitivity, aspect, conjugation, mood, tense, person, number and gender. It is the analysis of the word as a part of speech that is an effective practical exercise that develops language skills and abilities.

In university practice, it is somewhat more difficult to parse a word as a part of speech, since there the morphological analysis is carried out according to a more complex scheme, a larger number of linguistic factors are taken into account, and categories are considered in more detail.

Each university may have its own requirements for morphological analysis, its essence and design, so applicants for philological specialties need to find out the analysis standards in a particular educational institution.

To be able to determine the part of speech, the category is necessary in order to correctly express your thoughts.

Basic requirements for parsing a word as a part of speech

How to parse a word as a part of speech? Let us denote the basic requirements for parsing in general, regardless of what part of speech it is.

Morphological analysis, like any other type of language analysis, should be carried out according to a clear specific plan. An algorithm is given to follow. Categories cannot be specified randomly. For example, if a student first names the number in which a noun is used, and speaks about the category of animate / inanimate only at the end of the analysis, one can immediately conclude from this: the student is poorly oriented in categories, does not know which of them are constant, and which are - changeable. Knowing the correct order of parsing provides a better memorization of categories and their connections, a consistent analysis of each word as a representative of a certain part of speech.

The order of parsing is the same everywhere.

First, the word form of the word being parsed is indicated. This is the form in which the word appears in the context, without any additional changes. Morphological analysis is subjected to the words presented in the passage of the text.
Then the initial form of the word is indicated. For each part of speech, it is determined individually. For example, in a noun it is the nominative singular.
The third point is to indicate the general grammatical meaning of the word. Nouns have the meaning of an object, verbs have actions, adjectives have the meaning of an attribute of an object, numerals have quantities, etc.
Then grammatical categories are defined. First, all the permanent signs of the word, and then - changeable. Grammar categories are individual for each part of speech. They must be listed in a specific order.
The last point of morphological analysis is the definition of the syntactic function of the word. This is of great importance precisely for parsing a word as a part of speech, although often schoolchildren believe that the requirement does not fully apply to morphology and is more appropriate in the “syntax” section. In fact, it is precisely by the syntactic function of a word in a sentence that one can sometimes find out exactly what part of speech it is. Moreover, this requirement allows you to connect the various sections of the Russian language, create a single language picture.
Analysis of the word as a part of speech. Requirements for the morphological analysis of specific parts of speech

There are individual requirements for the analysis of each part of speech, since all parts of speech have their own categories, which must be indicated in a strictly defined order. This is how the classical requirements for parsing a word as a part of speech look like.

Noun

The word form is specified.
The initial form is written: the word must be put in the nominative case and the singular.
Then lexico-grammatical categories are determined. Permanent: own or common noun, inanimate or animate, gender, type of declension. Variables: number and case. Non-permanent signs are determined by the word form in the context.
syntactic role.

Adjective

Word form.
Initial form. The word is put in the nominative case and singular, it is used in the masculine gender.
The signs of the word are determined. Constants: rank by value (adjectives are qualitative, relative and possessive); degree of comparison (it happens, but only for quality adjectives); short or long form (for quality ones).
Variable signs: case, number and gender.
Syntactic function in a sentence.

Numeral

Word form.
Initial form. It is determined depending on the category of the numeral by value. The initial form of quantitative, collective and fractional numbers is the nominative case. The initial form of ordinal numbers is the nominative case, singular, masculine.
Permanent signs (categories) of numeral names are indicated: rank by value (quantitative, fractional, ordinal, collective); category according to the morphological structure (composite, complex, simple).
Variable signs are determined, that is, in what form the numeral is used in this context. It is necessary to write the case, number, gender of the numeral, if it has these features.
The role in the sentence is indicated.

Pronoun

The form of the word in which it is used in the context is indicated.
The initial form of the pronoun is determined. The word must be put in the masculine, singular and nominative case, if possible.
Then they write permanent signs of the pronoun as a part of speech. These include rank by value, group by relation to other parts of speech, and person for personal pronouns. Ranks of pronouns by meaning: indefinite, negative, relative, interrogative, possessive, personal and reflexive pronouns. Groups in relation to other parts of speech: pronouns-adverbs (adverbial pronouns), pronouns-numerals, pronouns-adjectives and pronouns-nouns.
Then they indicate non-permanent signs of pronouns: number, gender and case, if any.
The syntactic function in the sentence is determined.

Adverb

An adverb is an invariable part of speech, which should be specified separately in the process of morphological analysis. Therefore, it is enough to designate the language unit itself, that is, the word.
Categories of adverbs - category and degree of comparison (if any). Adverbs are divided into the following categories: adverbs of mode of action, purpose, cause, time, measure and degree, place. The degrees of comparison are comparative and superlative. For example, the strictest is the superlative degree, the strictest is the comparative.
Specifies the role in the proposal.

Condition Category Words
This part of speech has a single feature, does not change, is always a predicate in impersonal sentences. Sad. Sunny.

Verb

The word form is indicated.
The verb is put in the indefinite form (infinitive). For example: wrote - write.
The constant categories of the verb as parts of speech are determined: conjugation, aspect (perfect or imperfect), reflexivity (reflexive verbs have the postfix -sya or -ss), transitivity.
The non-permanent features of a verb are mood, tense (for indicative verbs), number, person, and gender. All categories must be written, if any.
Then the syntax function is specified.

Participle

The word form is written.
The initial form is determined, for this the participle must be put in the nominative case, masculine and singular.
Then the constant signs of the sacrament are indicated: pledge (passive or active), form (short or full), time, type and recurrence.
Non-permanent signs of the sacrament: number, gender, case.
role in the proposal.

gerund
It is an invariable part of speech. Specify only the form and recurrence, as well as the syntactic function.

Sometimes the service parts of speech are analyzed.
Prepositions are divided into non-derivatives and derivatives (formed from another part of speech).

Unions are coordinating (separating, adversative, connecting) and subordinating (explanatory, comparative, investigative, concessive, conditional, target, causal, temporary).

Particles It is customary to subdivide into formative, demonstrative, negative, amplifying, exclamatory, interrogative, affirmative, restrictive, clarifying, comparative and particles expressing doubt.

Interjection is a separate part of speech, not included in either official or independent parts of speech. It is not subject to parsing.

Nuances and features of parsing a word as a part of speech at a university
In university reviews, philologists describe the categories in more detail. Parts of speech are analyzed in the light of a detailed study of the language as a whole. The morphological analysis of the verb differs most strongly. Separately, the stems are indicated: the stem of the infinitive and the stem of the present tense. According to them, the class of the verb is determined, there are five classes in total. In the categories of time, absolute and relative time are distinguished. For example, four subcategories of the present tense are defined: irrelevant, abstract, commentary, pictorial. The future tense can be specific, the result of the present, permanent, denote an action that is repeated in the present, an action that is impossible in the present.

In a noun, types of declension are distinguished differently: substantive (1 and 2 declension change places), adjective (this is how conversives are inclined, that is, adjectives like nouns), mixed declension. There are indeclinable nouns - they are also sometimes distinguished into a separate, fourth, declension.

Each case in high school analyzes is assigned its own meaning: subjective, objective, adverbial or attributive.

Analyzing the numeral, universities often determine the type of connection with the noun, the case of the main noun. Speaking about adjectives and their forms of comparison, synthetic and analytical forms of comparative and superlative degrees are distinguished.

There are other nuances of analyzing a word as a part of speech, but all of them are individual, depending on the point of view of a particular scientist, university program.

, fast

Enter any word, then click "parse". After that, you will receive an analysis in which the part of speech, case, gender, tense and everything else will be written. Because parsing is performed out of context, then several parsing options may be offered, among which you will need to choose the correct one. Parsing is done automatically by the computer, so sometimes there may be errors. Be careful, online analysis is for help, not for mindless rewriting. Note about the letter Yo: do not replace it with E.

Press Ctrl+D to bookmark the service for future reference.

In order not to experience difficulties in the scheme morphological analysis words or in the order of parsing, you should not automatically memorize the sequence and principle of parsing. It is most effective to focus on highlighting the general features of parts of speech, and then move on to the particular features of this form. At the same time, the general parsing logic should be preserved. Parts of speech will also help you.

The following examples of morphological parsing will help you understand the scheme of parsing the words of a sentence in Russian. However, it should be remembered that the presence of a text is a prerequisite for the correct analysis of parts of speech, because morphological analysis is a characteristic of a word (as a part of speech), taking into account the specifics of its use.

Consider examples morphological analysis.

Morphological analysis of a noun

initial form (in the nominative case, singular);
own or common noun;
animate or inanimate;
declination
number;
case;
role in the proposal.

Noun(parsing sample):
Text: Babies love to drink milk.
Milk is a noun, the initial form is milk, common noun, inanimate, neuter, 2nd declension, in the accusative case, singular (does not have a plural), direct object.

Adjective parsing plan

the initial form is the infinitive (nominative case, singular);
category (qualitative, relative or possessive);
short or complete (only about quality);
degree of comparison (only qualitative);
gender (only about the singular);
case;
number;
role in the proposal.

Adjective(parsing sample):
Text: Alyonushka collected a full basket of mushrooms.
Full - adjective, initial form - full; quality: complete; in a positive (zero) degree of comparison, in the neuter gender, accusative case, is an addition.

numeral(parsing order):

initial form (nominative for quantitative, nominative singular, masculine for ordinal);
category by value (quantitative, ordinal);
category by composition (simple, complex, composite);
case;
gender and number (for ordinal and some quantitative);
role in the proposal.

Numeral (parsing sample):
Text: Four days have passed.
Four is a numeral, the initial form is four, quantitative, simple, in the nominative case, has no number and gender, is the subject.

Pronoun(parsing order):

initial form (nominative case, singular, if it changes by number and gender);
rank by value;
gender (if any);
case
number (if any);
role in the proposal.

Pronoun (parsing sample):
Text: Crystal raindrops dripped from it.
Nee is a pronoun, the initial form is she, personal, 3rd person, feminine, genitive, singular, adverb of place.

Morphological analysis of the verb

infinitive (initial form);
returnable or irrevocable;
transitive or intransitive;
conjugation;
mood;
time (for the indicative mood);
person (for the present, future tense and imperative mood);
gender (for the past tense and conditional in the singular);
number;
role in the proposal.

Verb (parsing sample):
Text: They told the truth without fear of condemnation.
They said - a verb, the initial form - to say, irrevocable, intransitive, perfective, 1st conjugation, in the indicative mood, past tense, plural, is a predicate.

Participle(parsing order):

initial form (nominative, singular, masculine);
infinitive;
time;
returnable or irrevocable (for valid);
transitive or intransitive (for valid);
complete or short (for the passive);
gender (for the singular);
case;
number;
role in the proposal.

Participle (parsing sample):
Text: I look at the falling leaves and feel sad.
Falling - participle, initial form - falling, from the verb to fall, imperfect form, present tense, irrevocable, intransitive, feminine, accusative, singular, agreed definition.

gerund(parsing order):

the verb from which it is formed;
returnable or irrevocable;
transitive or intransitive;
role in the proposal.

The participle (parsing sample):

Text: When you go abroad, you are sad about home.
Leaving - a gerund, from the verb "to leave", an imperfect form, irrevocable, intransitive, a circumstance of the mode of action.

Adverb(parsing order):

category by value (definitive or adverbial);
degree of comparison (if any).

Adverb (parsing sample):
Text: The sun rose higher and the clouds dissipated.
Above - an adverb, adverbial place, is a circumstance of place, a comparative degree.